单元自测题三
Passage One
Arthritis sufferers may soon find relief from an unlikely source: glass. Researchers at the University of Missouri-Rolla are developing special glasses that could be used to repair bone and microscopic glass spheres that could be injected arthritic joints.
"Imagine using a caulking gun to repair the cracks in your bathroom. Now think of injecting a non-harmful but similar substance into a crushed vertebrae to fill in the space and cracks," says Dr. Delbert Day, Curators Professor emeritus of ceramic cumulative trauma disorders," says ergonomist Rani Lueder, president of Humanics ErgoSystems in Encino California "You're gradually developing these problems over time." And as Howard Egerm has learned, they're a lot harder to live with than they are to prevent engineering at UMR.
By mixing crushed glass particles with a polymer, Day is developing a substance that could be used to repair broken or diseased bone. The mixture would be injected into the area of a crushed vertebrae or other damaged bone. The mixture then fills the cracks, glueing the broken pieces back together. Once this mixture hardens, it turns into a bonelike substance, bonding itself to the original bone, Day says.
Those who struggle with rheumatoid arthritis might find inspiration in what glass can do for treating their ailment. Day and other UMR researchers are perfecting biodegradable glass spheres that will be used to irradiate arthritis joints. Small radioactive glass spheres, about one-fifth to one-tenth the diameter of a hutton hair, can be injected into the diseased joint. Once the radiation is delivered, the spheres gradually react with the body fluids and eventually disappear from the body, thus creating a safe way to expose a patient to radiation.
"The glass beads confine all of the radioactivity to the diseased joint," says Day.
According to Day, the development of biodegradable glass beads is advancing rapidly. "What we investigate and see in the laboratory, compared to what has been seen in experiments on animals, is encouraging."
Day says similar procedures can be used to treat other ailments. Instead of using a solid glass sphere, a hollow sphere or shell failed with a drug and injected into the body, or sPcad as a cream onto the skin and gradually released into the body' s system, could be used, Day says. This type of treatment releases the drug in a more uniform manner and targets the infection or diseased area. UMR had licensed this technology to a company that intends to use the drug-filled shells to treat skin disorders such as psoriasis(牛皮癣) says Day.
UMR was recently issued two U.S. patents for the research.
Day also is the co-inventor of special radioactive glass microspheres, TheraSphere, which are FDA-approved and being used commercially at seven sites in the United States to treat patients with liver cancer. He holds more than 42 patents.
1.What can be inferrend from paragraph1?
A.glass can not be a source of relief to arthritis.
B.arthritis will be cured effectively very soon.
C.a lot of scientists in USA are in research into the special glasses that could be used to treat arthritis.
D.arthritis is a painful disease.
2.According to the passage ,which of the following is true?
A.small radioactive glass spheres produce a side-effect after being injected.
B.the mixture of crushed glass particles with a polymer will become part of human body at last.
C.the way that the mixture works is same with that of a caulking gun.
D.experiments on animals have failed.
3.the word "inspiration"in paragraph 4 means.
A.enlightenment
B.initiation
C.revelation
D.realization
4.From the last three paragraphs,we can learn that.
A.Hollow sphere is better than solid sphere as for the treatment effect.
B.the glass microsphere technology can be used to treat many ailments.
C.the glass microsphere technology is being used to treat skin disorders and liver cancer.
D.therasphere has been widely used in united states.
5.The best title of this passage may be .
A.arthritis and glass.
B.Glass can Repair Bone,Treat Arthritis
C.Glass, New Treatment For Arthritis.
D.New Discoveries In Glass.
Passage Two
Anthropologists commonly distinguish three forms of marriage: monogamy, the marriage of one man to one woman, polygyny, the marriage of one man to two or more women, and polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men. Polygyny and polyandry are often linked under the single term “polygamy,” a marriage of one individual to two or more spouses.
Though there are many societies which permit, or even encourage, polygamous marriages, it does not follow, in such societies, that every married individual, or even that a majority of them, has more than one spouse. Quite the contrary is true, for in most, if not all, of so-called polygamous societies monogamy is statistically the prevailing form. The reason for this is clear: the proportion of male to female births in any human society is roughly the same, and if this proportion is maintained among the sexually mature, a preponderance of plural marriages means that a considerable number of either men or women must remain unmarried. No society can maintain itself under such conditions; the emotional stresses would be too great to be survived. Accordingly, even where the cultural ideals do not prohibit plural marriages, these may occur on any notable scale only societies where for one reason or another, one sex markedly outnumbers the other. In short, monogamy not only prevails in most of the world’s societies, either as the only approved form of marriage or as the only feasible form, but it may also prevail within a polygamous society where, very often, only a minority of the population can actually secure more than one spouse.
In a polygynous household, the husband must supply a house and garden for each of his wives. The wives live with him in turn, cooking and serving for him during the period of his visit. The first wife takes precedence over the others. Polyandry is much rarer than polygyny. It is often the result of a disproportion in the ratio of men to women.
In sum, polygamy is not, as so frequently indicated, universally a result of human immorality. It is simply not true, in this aspect of culture as in many others, that people who follow patterns of culture deemed immoral in our society are thereby lacking in morality. Our ideal and compulsory pattern of marriage, which holds that monogamy is the only appropriate form of marriage, is not shared by all peoples, even by some of those who regularly practice monogamy. In a great many societies, monogamy is only one possible form of marriage, with polygyny or polyandry as perfectly possible, though less frequent, alternatives.
6. A marriage between several men and women should be called .
A. polygyny B. polyandry C. monogamy D. not mentioned
7. According to the second paragraph, in societies that encourage polygamous marriages, .
A. polygamy is the predominant form of marriages
B. most of the individuals usually have multiple spouses
C. there are usually a greater of proportion of men than women
D. people are not necessarily married to multiple partners
8. The author believes that plural marriages occur on substantial scales only in societies in which .
A. polygyny is not prohibited
B. one sex greatly outnumbers the other
C. most people are undereducated
D. a minority of people are very rich and powerful
9. According to the third paragraph, polyandry .
A. means the husband must provide for the livelihood of his wives
B. is a marriage tradition in which the first husband takes precedence over the others
C. is much rarer than other marriage forms
D. is often the result of women outnumbering men
10. We can infer from the last paragraph that .
A. many people believe that plural marriages denote immorality of other societies
B. those societies that do not uphold monogamy as the dominant marriage form are immoral
C. polygyny or polyandry are possible alternative marriage forms in most societies
D. the author lives in a society where plural marriages are socially accepted
Passage Three
Although philosophers and evolutionists may question the roots of altruism, apparent acts of altruism are so prevalent that their absence can be shocking. A case in point was the brutal 1964 murder in Queens, New York City, of Kitty Genovese. Arriving home from work at 3:00 a.m., Genovese was attacked over a half-hour period by a knife-wielding assailant. Although her screams and cries brought 38 of her neighbors to their windows, not one came to her assistance or even called the police. These bystanders put on their lights, opened their windows, and watched while Genovese was repeatedly stabbed and ultimately murdered.
To understand how a group of law-abiding citizens could fail to help someone who was being murdered, social psychologists designed several experiments to investigate bystander intervention—helping a stranger in distress. Researchers found that the presence of others have a substantial impact on the bystander’s decision-making process. If other people are paying little or no attention to the emergency, the bystander may conclude that nothing significant has happened. Similarly, a bystander is unlikely to interpret an event as an emergency if other people do not seem to take it seriously. The presence of others acts not only as an informational source but also as a source of reassurance. Hence, the mere presence of other people lowers the likelihood of intervention, particularly if the others do not appear to be distressed. In addition, the presence of others leads to a diffusion of responsibility, that is, a diminished sense of personal responsibility to act because others are seen as equally responsible. People also consider the consequences of acting. Clearly, people are less willing to intervene if taking action jeopardizes their own safety. Individuals are also less willing to act if they fear they might turn out to be goats instead of heroes; what if the event is really a hoax or they are misinterpreting the situation?
One variable that investigators have not examined in bystander studies is fascination with, or titillation over the suffering of others. An element of vicarious enjoyment may have led Kitty Genovese’s neighbors to watch but not intervene. In fact, one couple shut off the lights so that they could see better. The manifest enjoyment of another person’s suffering and degradation was even more apparent in a New Bedford, Massachusetts, bar several years after the Kitty Genovese incident: A woman was gang raped while bystanders watched and cheered. Crowds of onlookers have similarly been known to encourage potential suicide victims to jump off buildings.
11. The author is mostly concerned with .
A. the definition of altruism
B. the case of Kitty Genovese
C. the morbid fascination with other people’s suffering
D. bystander intervention
12. The word altruism (first paragraph, first line) most probably means.
A. selfishness B. concern for other’s welfare
C. honesty D. negligence
13. According to the passage, what is the most significant predictor of bystander intervention?
A. Education. B. Physical strength. C. Selfishness. D. Presence of others.
14. According to the second passage, the presence of others is seen as a source of .
A. information B. responsibility
C. reassurance D. both A and C
15. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that fascination with others’ suffering .
A. has not been sufficiently examined
B. is the most powerful cause of bystander’s intervention
C. is a universal phenomenon
D. is a result of lack of education
Passage Four
In Korea, surgeons estimate that at least one in 10 adults have received some form of surgical upgrade. It wasn’t too many generations ago that South Korean kids had no control over their looks. Their hair, for example, was considered a gift from their parents-never to be cut. But today, kids drop into the plastic surgeon’s office after school, and when they get home their folks can barely recognize them.
Having bigger eyes is every girl’s dream, and it can now be realized through a simple $800 operation, in which a small incision or suture is made above the eye to create an artificial double lid. Teenagers as young as 14 are doing it, and eye jobs have become a favorite high school graduation gift from proud parents.
Clinics are busiest during winter vacations, when high school seniors are preparing themselves for college or for entering the workplace. The majority come for the eyelids, but nose jobs are also becoming popular among teens. “Teenagers are plastic surgery experts,” marvels Dr. Lee Min Ku, a Seoul surgeon whose patients are mostly in their teens or 20s. “They tell the doctor, using scientific words, which surgery method to use.” But despite the medical knowledge they bring to the clinics, many teens still show their age. “They end up handing you a magazine,” says Lee, “and asking for T.V. star Kim Nam Ju’s eyes.”
Park Sang Mi’s parents were against plastic surgery until her older sister came home one day with bigger eyes. Park followed suit last year, her parents approved, and she took a part-time job at Baskin Robbins to help them foot the bill. “Now I know nobody will laugh at me for being ugly,” Park says gratefully. Her boyfriend knows her eyelids are altered, she adds, but he absolutely loves them. Park, now 20, doesn’t have plans to return to the clinic immediately, but wants liposuction performed on her thighs to make her legs look thinner. Meanwhile, she’s considering her friends’ advice to trash her old photographs.
South Korea is even more competitive than it is conservative. And with so many young people having themselves remade, parents are afraid their children will fall behind, not just academically but aesthetically. “Parents make their kids get plastic surgery,” says Dr. Shim Hyung Bo, a plastic surgeon practicing in Seoul, “just like they make them study. They realize looks are important for success.” Which means that in today’s Korea, getting your eyes done can be easier than getting the keys to dad’s car.
16. The best title for this passage would be .
A. The Booming Beauty Industry in Korea
B. The “Beauty Craze” in Korea
C. An Interview with a Plastic Surgery Specialist
D. The Costs of Plastic Surgery in Korea
17. Most Korean young people go to get operation on their .
A. lips B. nose C. eyes D. breasts
18. Most Korean young people get plastic surgery .
A. during the winter vacation
B. during the summer vacation
C. after college
D. before going on the job market
19. It can be inferred that the young plastic surgery patients in Korea .
A. are all in their teens
B. are knowledgeable about the medical procedures
C. all want their faces modeled after TV stars
D. always get plastic surgery without their parents’ consent
20. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .
A. South Korea is still a very conservative country
B. parents are equally concerned with their children’s study and appearance
C. the popularity of plastic surgery is declining
D. most people have had some sort of plastic surgery operation
单元自测模拟题参考答案及解析
单元自测题三
Passage One
1.答案是 A. 文中第一段，提到玻璃有可能成为减轻关节炎痛苦的来源，美国密歇根大学一些研究者从事该项研究，但玻璃听起来仿佛又有点不大可能作为一种减轻关节炎痛苦的来源（文中unlikely），故可知A正确，B、C不选，D项文中没有涉及。
2.答案是B. 文中第二段，提到这种从mixture发挥作用的方式与caulking gun有点类似，故不选C；三段中提到这种mixture最终变成骨头一样的物质，故B项正确。根据第六段知，D项不正确，A项文中没有提及。
3.答案是 A. 文中inspiration是"灵感，受启发"之意.A、开导启发，B、开始传授知识，C、展示，揭露（秘密的事），D、意识到，显然A最符合。
4.答案是B. A、文中没有说明空心、实心两种玻璃球哪个治疗效果更佳。
B、第七段第一句点明这种微玻璃技术可治愈很多病，故选B。
C、尚未用于治疗psoriasis，故不正确。
D、这种玻璃球只是在7个地点用以治疗，尚未被广泛使用。
5.答案是B. 该题难度较大，本文讲了Glass修补骨头，治疗关节炎的功效。A、B两项对Glass和Arthritis的关系概括过于笼统。D项只讲Glass的新发现，也没有概括全文。只有B最合适。
注释Notes
arthritis n.关节炎
vertebra n.椎骨、脊椎（pl）vertebrae
inject v.注射，介绍，引进
ailment n.疾病（尤指轻病）；小病Passage Two
6. 答案是D. not mentioned
解析：文章开头介绍了几种不同的婚姻形式：monogamy：一夫一妻制；polygyny，一夫多妻制；polyandry：一妻多夫制（Anthropologists commonly distinguish three forms of marriage: monogamy, the marriage of one man to one woman, polygyny, the marriage of one man to two or more women, and polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men.）并未提到群婚制。
7. 答案是D. people are not necessarily married to multiple partners
解析：文章第二段介绍说，尽管很多社会都认可，甚至鼓励多个配偶的婚姻形式，但是这并不意味着在这样的社会中，这样的婚姻形式占据主导地位。因为婚姻形式要受人口比例的局限，因此即使是这样的社会，一夫一妻制也是最常见的婚姻形式。(Though there are many societies which permit, or even encourage, polygamous marriages, it does not follow, in such societies, that every married individual, or even that a majority of them, has more than one spouse. Quite the contrary is true, for in most, if not all, of so-called polygamous societies monogamy is statistically the prevailing form.)
8. 答案是B. one sex greatly outnumbers the other
解析：答案同样在第二段中：即使在不禁止多个配偶的婚姻方式的社会中，这样的婚姻形式只有在人口性别比例极端失调的情况下才大规模地发生。（Accordingly, even where the cultural ideals do not prohibit plural marriages, these may occur on any notable scale only societies where for one reason or another, one sex markedly outnumbers the other.）
9. 答案是C. is much rarer than other marriage forms
解析：文章第三段提到，一妻多夫制相比起一夫多妻制要罕见的多。（Polyandry is much rarer than polygyny.）
10. 答案是A. many people believe that plural marriages denote immorality of other societies
解析：作者在最后一段中总结道，多个配偶的婚姻制度，正如很多其他文化的风俗习惯一样，并不像很多人认为的那样，是不道德的。我们所认可的婚姻形式，即一夫一妻制，并不是每个民族和文化都认可。在很多社会中，一夫一妻制仅仅是一种婚姻制度的可能性，多个配偶的婚姻形式虽然不如前者那么常见，但是也与之共存。（In sum, polygamy is not, as so frequently indicated, universally a result of human immorality. It is simply not true, in this aspect of culture as in many others, that people who follow patterns of culture deemed immoral in our society are thereby lacking in morality. Our ideal and compulsory pattern of marriage, which holds that monogamy is the only appropriate form of marriage, is not shared by all peoples, even by some of those who regularly practice monogamy. In a great many societies, monogamy is only one possible form of marriage, with polygyny or polyandry as perfectly possible, though less frequent, alternatives. ）四个选项中，只有A. some people believe that plural marriages denote immorality of other societies(很多人认为多个配偶的婚姻形式意味着社会的不道德)，和原文的最后一段意思最接近，因为那正是作者所批判的一种对其他文化所持有的态度。 B. those societies that do not uphold monogamy as the dominant marriage form are immoral是错误的，因为那种态度是作者所批判的对象。C. polygyny or polyandry are possible alternative marriage forms in most societies，大多数社会都接受一夫多妻或者一妻多夫制，不符合文章原意， D. the author lives in a society where plural marriages are socially accepted，作者生活的社会认可一夫多妻或者一妻多夫制，从作者提供的背景来看，是错误的。
注释Notes
monogamy n. 一夫一妻制
polygyny n. 一夫多妻
polyandry n. 一妻多夫制
spouse n. 配偶
statistic adj. 统计的
prevailing adj. 占据主导地位的
proportion n. 比例
preponderance n. 优势, 优越
outnumber v. 比……数量多
feasible adj. 可行的
secure v. (本文中作动词)得到
take precedence over 有优先权; 地位上有优势
disproportion n. 不成比例
ratio n. 比率
immorality n. 不道德
compulsory adj. 强迫的, 强制性的, 义务的
alternative n. 可供选择的事物Passage Three
11. 答案是D. bystander intervention
解析：问的是本文主题是什么。本文要点总结如下：无私的行为在社会中实际上很普遍。正因为如此，看客的冷漠就更加让人触目惊心：1964年在纽约市发生了一起谋杀案：一个叫Kitty Genovese的女子凌晨三点下班回家的路上，在被她的惨叫声惊醒的38个邻居的众目睽睽之下被凶手用刀刺死，时间长达半个小时，没有一个人去帮助她，甚至没有人报警。
心理学家设计了一系列试验，来观察旁观者是否主动帮助那些身陷不幸的人。他们发现，身旁是否有其他的旁观者对是否挺身而出帮助困境中的陌生人起很大的作用。如果其他人是漠然处之的态度，那么很可能这个人自己可能也不认为有拔刀相助的必要。而且，其他人的存在，更容易给人“事不关己”的感觉。 同时，人们也不大愿意承担帮助别人有可能带来的风险，因为自己可能成为替罪羊，或者所谓的“困境”也许压根儿就是一场骗局。
作者在最后一段分析了人们幸灾乐祸的心理。实际上有人是希望看到别人倒霉的。作者还举了其他的例子，是一起20世纪60年代发生在New Bedford, Massachusetts的一个酒吧的轮奸案，周围的人不仅围观甚至叫好。还有的人怂恿那些企图跳楼自杀的人快跳。
可见本文讲的主要是决定人们是否帮助处于危难中的陌生人的因素。
12. 答案是B. concern for other’s welfare.
解析：altruism 出现在文章第一句中：Although philosophers and evolutionists may question the roots of altruism, apparent acts of altruism are so prevalent that their absence can be shocking(尽管哲学家和进化论学者或许会质疑利他主义的起源，但是，舍己救人的事情是如此普遍，使得自私自利的行为显得更加令人发指)。后面作者介绍了1964 年Kitty Genovese因为看客的冷漠而被杀害的案件。可见，作者是用它来作为lack of altruism的例子。因此四个选项中最贴切的应该是concern for other’s welfare.
13. 答案是 D. Presence of others.
解析：解答的关键语句在第二段：To understand how a group of law-abiding citizens could fail to help someone who was being murdered, social psychologists designed several experiments to investigate bystander intervention-helping a stranger in distress. Researchers found that the presence of others have a substantial impact on the bystander’s decision-making process.心理学家设计了一系列实验来测试人们是否能在他人危急时刻挺身而出。结论是，周围是否有其他旁观者，是最关键的因素。
14. 答案是 D. both A and C
解析：关键语句在第二段：The presence of others acts not only as an informational source but also as a source of reassurance.
15. 答案是A. has not been sufficiently examined
解析：选A是因为原文最后一段有如下内容：One variable that investigators have not examined in bystander studies is fascination with, or titillation over the suffering of others. 也就是说，在看客心态的研究中，人们幸灾乐祸的心理还没有被学者们透彻地研究过。
注释Notes
evolutionist n. 进化论者
altruism n. 无私，利他主义
wield v. 使用，（本文）挥舞
assailant n. 袭击者
law-abiding citizens 遵纪守法的公民
intervention n. 干扰，介入，调停
emergency n. 紧急事件
reassurance n. 安心，放心
diffusion n. 散布，传播，蔓延
take action 采取行动
jeopardize v. 危害，使受危困
turn out to be 结果是，证明是
goat n. （本文）替罪羊
hoax n. 骗局
titillation n. 高兴，快感
vicarious adj. 代理的，替身的
manifest adj. 显然的，明白的
degradation n. 降格，退化，堕落
gang rape 轮奸Passage Four
16. 答案是B. The “Beauty Craze” in Korea
解析：文章虽然没有明确的统领全篇的句子，但是主要讲的是韩国(特别是年轻人中间)的整容热潮。
17. 答案是C. eyes
解析：第二段开头介绍，韩国整容最热的项目是眼睛。（As in the rest of Asia, South Korea’s primary cosmetic obsession is with the eyes.）
18. 答案是A. during the winter vacation
解析：文章第三段开头说，Clinics are busiest during winter vacations, when high school seniors are preparing themselves for college or for entering the workplace.整容诊所最热闹的时候就是寒假。因为那个时候高中生即将毕业上大学或者就业。
19. 答案是B. are knowledgeable about the medical procedures
解析：作者在第三段引用整容医师Lee Min Ku 的话说，“Teenagers are plastic surgery experts. They tell the doctor, using scientific words, which surgery method to use.”来整容的孩子个个好像美容专家，和医生谈论应该用什么方法的时候，用的是专业术语。
20. 答案是B. parents are equally concerned with their children’s study and appearance
解析：文章最后一段说，And with so many young people having themselves remade, parents are afraid their children will fall behind, not just academically but aesthetically. “Parents make their kids get plastic surgery,” says Dr. Shim Hyung Bo, a plastic surgeon practicing in Seoul, “just like they make them study. They realize looks are important for success.”韩国年轻人的父母开始和重视孩子的学习成绩一样，重视孩子的长相，甚至要自己的小孩去做美容手术。
注释Notes
upgrade n. 升级, 提升, 改良
drop into 拜访
cosmetic adj. 化妆的, 美容的
obsession n. 痴迷, 沉醉
incision n. 切割, 切入
suture n. 缝合
artificial adj. 人工的
end up 最终
follow suit 仿效, 效仿
Baskin Robbins 源于美国的冰淇淋和酸奶连锁专卖店
foot the bill 付账单
liposuction n. 抽脂肪手术
trash v. (本文)扔掉, 抛掉
aesthetic adj. 美学的, 美的
单元自测题四
Passage One
Today cognitive theorists empirically study the impact of feelings on cognitive processes such as memory and judgment and also the reciprocal influence of cognition on emotion. However, evolutionary theorists view emotion as a powerful source of motivation—an internal communication that something must be done. For example, when people are threatened, they feel fear, which in turn leads them to deal with the threatening situation through either fight or flight. Emotions and drives may also operate in tandem to motivate action, as when excitement accompanies sexual arousal. From an evolutionary perspective, different emotions serve different functions. Fear facilitates flight in the face of danger; disgust prevents ingestion of potentially toxic substances such as rotting meat.
An emotion that is less well understood is jealousy. Why do people become jealous in intimate sexual relationships? One series of studies tested evolutionary hypotheses about differences in the concerns men and women have about their partners’ fidelity. Since females can have only a limited number of children during their lifetimes, to maximize their reproductive success they should be motivated to form relationships with males who have resources and will contribute them to their offspring. Indeed, cross-cultural evidence demonstrates that one of the main mate selection criteria used by females around the world is male resources. From a female’s point of view, then, infidelity accompanied by emotional commitment to the other woman is a major threat to resources. A man unlikely to divert resources from his mate and her offspring to a casual fling, but the risk increases dramatically if he becomes emotionally involved and perhaps considers switching long-term partners. Hence, a woman’s jealousy would be expected to focus on her mate’s emotional commitment to another female.
For males, the situation is different. If a male commits himself to an exclusive relationship with a female, he must be certain that the offspring in whom he is investing are his own. Since he cannot be sure of paternity, the best he can do is prevent his mate from copulating with any other males. In males, then, jealousy would be expected to focus less on the female’s emotional commitment or resources and more on her tendency to give other males sexual access. Indeed, in species ranging from insects to humans, males take extreme measures to prevent other males from inseminating their mates. In humans, male sexual jealousy is the leading cause of homicides and of spouse battering cross-culturally.
1. This passage discusses the approach to human emotions.
A. evolutionary B. cognitive C. psychological D. economic
2. Evolutionary theorists view emotion as all of the following except .
A. cognitive processes B. a source of motivation
C. something promoting action D. serving various functions
3. The idea presented in 2nd paragraph can be best described as .
A. realistic B. materialistic C. ironical D. offspring-oriented
4. According to the evolutionary perspective, women’s jealousy ultimately stems from .
A. concern over their husbands’ reproductive ability
B. fear that their husbands’ resources would be threatened
C. their husbands’ divided attention to them and their offspring
D. their emotional instability resulting from their husbands’ infidelity
5. According to this passage, a man’s jealousy is mainly focused on .
A. a concern over their wives’ resources
B. the fatherhood of the offspring to whom he is investing
C. their mates’ emotional commitment
D. the legitimacy of their marriage
Passage Two
In the sixth century Italy faced a very uncertain future.Although Rome no longer ruled a secular empire,the primacy claimed by its bishops gave Rome a potential position of great importance in the Christian world.Such a possibility,however,was clouded by two factors—the barbarism of the Western provinces and the complex theocracy of the East with its emperors cum sacred rulers.Without the Roman Empire,it would be difficult,indeed,for the Roman church to survive.The Acacian Schism led to an important development in Church history,the formulation by Pope Gelasius I (492-496) of the roles of priests and kings in the government of the Chrisitian world.His central tenet was that the world was ruled by two powers,the sacred authority of the priesthood and the royal power,the responsibilities of the priesthood being the greater because they had kings within their pastoral charge.The problem was further complicated by Justinian’s grand designs for a unified empire.Justinian had not the slightest intention of yielding to the Roman Bishops in matters of religion if it constituted a political inconvenience.By the middle of the sixth century it appeared likely that the Roman Church and its pope would simply become a tool of Byzantine imperial policy.Rome appeared to have been demoted to the status of peripheral center of Catholic Christianity.
Rome was rescued from its potential demise by one of the greatest pontiffs in the history of the Roman Church,Gregory I (the Great).His abilities as a ruler and teacher significantly affected numerous aspects of the Church and its history,as well as many political and social matters in Rome.His land reforms and his administration of estates previously endowed to the Church revitalized church income,relieved famine,and provided money for churches,hospitals,and schools.His influence spread from Rome to the rest of Italy and beyond.One of the most important missions he undertook was the conversion of England in 597.
Undoubtedly the most important of his written works was the Book of Pastoral Care,“a treatise in the episcopal office that reflected the pope’s high idealism in the way of life he laid down for a bishop and his profound understanding of ordinary human nature in the advice he gave on the care of the bishop’s flock.”As a result of his efforts,Rome regained its position of primacy among the Western Christian churches.Despite the longlasting results of Gregory’s actions,he did not consider himself that he was building for the future.He believed that the Second Coming was near.He merely did what he thought had to be done in what little time remained.Unintentionally he built a base for an enduring Church and a dominant papacy of wealth and great prestige.
6.Why Rome was given a potential position of great importance?
A.Because people were uncivilized and the theocracy played an important part.
B.Because of the barbarism of the Western provinces.
C.Because of the complex theocracy of the East.
D.Because of the barbarism of the East provinces and the complex theocracy of the West.
7.Which of the statement is not right?
A.The Acacian Schism had a great effect on the development in church history.
B.The central tenet of Christian was that the world was ruled by two power.
C.Without the Rome Empire,it would be difficult for the Rome Church to survive.
D.By the Middle of the sixth century,Roman church become a tool of Byzantine imperial policy.
8.Which of the following works was not made by Gregory I?
A.Land reform.
B.He endowed money to the church.
C.Conversion of England.
D.Relieved famine.
9.What the“Second Coming”in the last paragraph mean?
A.The future. B.A revolution.
C.Now. D.Another challenge to the Rome.
10.What’s the main idea of this text?
A.The importance of two person.
B.The book of pastoral care.
C.The development of Roman church.
D.The history of Roman.
Passage Three
On June 12, 1994, the former American football hero O.J. Simpson’s wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her current boy friend Ronald Goldman’s dead bodies were found lying in a pool of blood, right outside of Ms. Simpson’s condominium. Both victims were brutally stabbed to death, but there were no witnesses.
Five days after the murders, Los Angeles Police charged Simpson with the deaths, citing a trail of evidence they said linked him to the crime scene, including a bloody glove found outside the condominium that allegedly matched one found at Simpson’s estate. Simpson’s high-powered defense team argued that the evidence was fabricated by police and that their client was on route to a golf outing in Chicago when the crimes were committed. O.J. Simpson was acquitted of murdering Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman in October 1995, after a lengthy and costly criminal trial. After four hours of deliberation, the jury found Simpson not guilty—but the case was far from over.
The families of the victims filed law suits against Simpson, accusing him of liability in the deaths. Now at stake was Simpson’s money, not his freedom. The plaintiffs contended that Simpson was responsible for the deaths and, therefore, he owed them punitive damages to compensate them for their losses.
Plaintiffs’ attorney Daniel Petrocelli portrayed Simpson as an egomaniac obsessed with his ex-wife, who routinely beat her. When he was unable to keep her from ending their relationship, he brutally killed her. Simpson’s defense attorneys angrily rebutted those charges. Defense attorney Robert Baker accused plaintiffs of “character assassination,” and defense lawyer Robert Blasier described the evidence against their client as “garbage.”
The standard of proof in the civil trial was lower. Jurors were asked to make their decisions based on a “preponderance of evidence,” and only nine of the 12 jurors needed to agree for a verdict to be reached. That meant they could return a decision in favor of the plaintiffs if they determined there was more than a 50 percent probability that Simpson was responsible for the killings.
In the murder trial, the state had to prove Simpson committed the murders “beyond a reasonable doubt,” meaning that all 12 jurors had to agree that Simpson committed the crimes in order to convict him.
Unlike the criminal trial, the civil trial was not televised. In addition, Superior Court Judge Hiroshi Fujisaki banned still photographers and ordered lawyers and witnesses not to discuss the case with the media. Criminal-trial Judge Lance Ito was accused by many observers of allowing his courtroom to become a media circus.
11. Of all the statements about the murder of Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman, all of the followings are true except .
A. it took place on June 12, 1994
B. there were no witnesses
C. the victims were shot to death
D. O. J. Simpson was the prime suspect
12. It can be concluded from the passage that the O. J. Simpson trial .
A. took a very long time B. cost a lot of money
C. was very complicated D. all of the above
13. O. J. Simpson’s acquittal was based on .
A. abundance of exonerating evidence
B. the “dream team” of his lawyers
C. the bribery of his jurors on criminal court
D. sympathy of the judge
14. On the civil trial, the 12 jurors can reach a verdict against O. J. Simpson if there is more than a probability that he was responsible for the murders.
A. 50% B. 60% C. 80% D. 90%
15. It can be inferred from this report that .
A. the criminal trial received a lot of media coverage
B. the civil trial was even more complicated than the criminal trial
C. O. J. Simpson can well afford the civil compensations
D. there was more media coverage of the civil trial than that of the criminal trial
Passage Four
In some societies there are voluntary associations whose membership is secret. Some American Indian tribes, including the Hopi, Kwakiutl, and Iroquois, have had such societies; they are also important in West Africa and the Congo. Sometimes, as among the Hopi, the Iroquois, and the Mende of Sierra Leone, secret societies are associated with the curing of particular ailments. Sometimes they have political functions. African secret societies help to maintain social order, backed by strong religious sanctions. Since secret societies sometimes perform in public dances or rituals, it is not surprising that many have developed the use of masks or other forms of disguise, like the Ku Klux Klan.
Among the Mende of Sierra Leone, secret societies play roles in the education of the young, regulation of sexual conduct, supervision of political and economic affairs, and the operation of various social services, including medical treatment, entertainment, and recreation. In the Poro society, boys undergo a long initiation which involves both ordeals and instruction. They learn some things about native law, crafts, agricultural techniques, drumming and singing, bridge building, and the setting of traps. There is a parallel society for girls, who receive training in housework and childcare and are given sex instruction. The Humoi society is concerned with the regulation of sexual conduct. The Mende have many taboos concerning sex, and there are many relatives with whom sexual intercourse is forbidden; it is believed that transgression of such rules results in sickness. A person must be treated by the society concerned with the taboos he has broken; so those who violate sexual regulations report to the Humoi society. Illness may also be explained as due to a person’s having entered part of the bush where secret society meetings have been held. Confession to the society is required, followed by medical treatment and purification. Those who have been so treated become members of the secret society, since they have learned something about the society’s operations in the process. The Poro society has important political functions. No one can hold office among the Mende without being a Poro member; no chief can be appointed without its approval. The Poro society also has economic functions in fixing prices for certain commodities and regulating trade.
Secret societies have sometimes played political and economic roles in the Western world as well-witness the Ku Klux Klan and the Mafia. Researchers have not done much work on secret societies, but that is understandable, for if any researcher can learn the secrets of such a society, it’s not a very secret society.
16. Which of the following is a name of a secret society?
A. Mende B. Sierra feone C. Hopi D. Ku klux klan
17. Among the Mende of Sierra Leone plays all the following roles except .
A. education of the young
B. curing of certain illnesses
C. regulating sexual conduct
D. maintaining diplomatic relations
18. In which of the following societies is there a girl’s society which offers training in housework?
A. the Poro B. the Iroquois C. the Humoi D. the Hopi
19. Among the Mende, those who violate the regulations on sexual conduct must report to .
A. the Poro B. the Iroquois C. the Humoi D. the Hopi
20. The Ku Klux Klan and the Mafia are cited in the passage as examples of .
A. American secret societies
B. secret societies that use some forms of disguise
C. secret societies that influence the political and economic life
D. secret societies that have not received adequate attention of researchers
单元自测模拟题参考答案及解析
单元自测题四
Passage One
1. 答案是A. evolutionary
解析：文章开头介绍的是“认知派”的心理学家的主要研究对象：记忆，判断，以及认知和感情的相互作用。但是作者用转折词however引出另一个流派：“进化论派”的观点。而且整篇文章都是围绕着该学派的观点展开，讨论人类忌妒心的由来。因此，作者介绍的主要是研究人情感的evolutionary approach，而不是开头仅起到引出文章作用的cognitive approach。
2. 答案是A. cognitive processes
解析：文章第一段介绍，进化论派的学者认为，“感情”可以激发欲望，并进一步促使人们做出某些行动（例如当人们受到威胁时，会感到恐惧，并因此逃跑，或者反抗；或者激动的时候容易产生性冲动等，（However, evolutionary theorists view emotion as a powerful source of motivation-an internal communication that something must be done. For example, when people are threatened, they feel fear, which in turn leads them to deal with the threatening situation through either fight or flight. Emotions and drives may also operate in tandem to motivate action, as when excitement accompanies sexual arousal.）， 同时具有某些实际的功能。 例如，遇到危险，恐惧会促使人逃跑。看到腐烂的肉会让人厌恶，从而防止食物中毒。（From an evolutionary perspective, different emotions serve different functions. Fear facilitates flight in the face of danger; disgust prevents ingestion of potentially toxic substances such as rotting meat.）
3. 答案是D. offspringoriented
解析：答案在文章第二段中：(Indeed, cross-cultural evidence demonstrates that one of the main mate selection criteria used by females around the world is male resources.)在各个文化中开展的研究结果表明，女人选择配偶的时候一个主要的标准就是财富。而财富的用途是为了确保后代的生活，因而这类分析可以说是以后代为中心。
4. 答案是B. fear that their husbands’ resources would be threatened
解析：答案在第二段中。女人的嫉妒主要源于对丈夫资源的独占心理。进化论派的学者认为，女人一生只能生育有限的子女，因此为了让子女能最大限度地获取资源，便要求丈夫绝对忠诚，不能对妻子以外的女人有感情投入。（One series of studies tested evolutionary hypotheses about differences in the concerns men and women have about their partners’ fidelity. Since females can have only a limited number of children during their lifetimes, to maximize their reproductive success they should be motivated to form relationships with males who have resources and will contribute them to their offspring.）
5. 答案是B. the fatherhood of the offspring to whom he is investing
解析：根据文章最后一段的内容，从进化论的角度来看，男人嫉妒的根源是自己到底是不是子女的生父，因为替别人抚养子女得不偿失。（For males, the situation is different. If a male commits himself to an exclusive relationship with a female, he must be certain that the offspring in whom he is investing are his own.）因此，根据文章的内容，男人嫉妒的产生，主要是因为为了确保自己是孩子的生父。
注释Notes
cognitive adj. 认知的，有感知的
empirically adv. 实证地，以经验为主地
reciprocal adj. 互惠的，相互的，彼此相反的
in tandem (副词词组) 一前一后地
facilitate v. 使容易，使便利，推动，帮助
toxic adj. 有毒性的
fidelity n. 忠诚
reproductive adj. 繁衍的，生殖的
divert v. 使转移, 使改道, 使转向
fling n. 投掷, 急冲, (本文)短暂的, 不负责任的性关系
paternity n. 父权, 父子关系
copulate v. 交配
inseminate v. 使……受精
homicide n. 杀人
spouse battering 殴打配偶
Passage Two
6.答案是A.
解析：B项和C项都不全面，各说了原因的一半，而D项的West和East之间颠倒了，是一个迷惑选项。从第一段可以读出两点原因，也就是A项的描述。
7.答案是B.
解析：很明显，在文中是Pope Gelasius I’s central tenet,而非基督教的核心教义。
8.答案是B.
解析：A、C、D三项均可以从第二段中找出关键的词语，但B项的money没有，文中说的是捐赠财产，并没有说捐赠金钱。
9.答案是D.
解析：可以推出 Second Coming 是继 First Coming 之后的，那么什么是 First Coming 呢?从文中可以看出是对罗马、对宗教、对教堂的一个挑战，所以Second Coming 将会是另一个。
10.答案是C.
解析：A、B两项都涵盖不了整篇文章，而D项又显得太大、太广了，只有C项切合题意，所以选C。
注释Notes
primacy首位，大主教的职位
bishop主教
barbarism野蛮，蛮行
theocracy神权政治
tenet教条，主义
sacred宗教上的，神圣不可侵犯的
pastoral牧师的
pontiff主教，教皇，大祭司
revitalize使新生，使恢复原气
treatise论文，论述
profound极深的
catholic天主教，天主教徒
peripheral周围的，外部的
endow捐赠，赋予
famine饥荒
episcopal主教的
prestige声望，威望
christianity基督教，基督教徒Passage Three
11. 答案是C. the victims were shot to death.
解析：文章介绍受害者是被刺死的。
12. 答案是D. all of the above
解析：从文章内容可以推断出，这起官司花了很长时间，耗费了无数金钱，也十分复杂。因此A、B、C都对。
13. 答案是B. the “dream team” of his lawyers
解析：文章把Simpson 重金聘用的律师团称为“high-powered defense team”。他们声称警方的证据是伪造的，并声称Simpson在案发时不在现场，而是在去芝加哥的路上。因为他们的辩护，Simpson历经一场漫长的官司大战，也花了无数的律师费，终于在1995年10月被宣布无罪。（Simpson’s high-powered defense team argued that the evidence was fabricated by police and that their client was on route to a golf outing in Chicago when the crimes were committed. O.J. Simpson was acquitted of murdering Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman in October 1995, after a lengthy and costly criminal trial.）
14. 答案是A. 50%
解析：答案见原文The standard of proof in the civil trial was lower. Jurors were asked to make their decisions based on a “preponderance of evidence,” and only nine of the 12 jurors needed to agree for a verdict to be reached. That meant they could return a decision in favor of the plaintiffs if they determined there was more than a 50 percent probability that Simpson was responsible for the killings. 民事审判的标准低于刑事审判。12个陪审员中，只要9票通过就可以定罪。也就是说只要他们认为有50%以上的可能性Simpson是杀人凶手，就可以通过受害人家属对他民事赔偿的请求。
15. 答案是A. the criminal trial received a lot of media coverage.
解析：文章最后一段介绍，该案件的民事诉讼不允许电视转播。法官Hiroshi Fujisaki甚至不允许照相，也不许律师和证人向新闻界的人透露关于本案的情况。（Unlike the criminal trial, the civil trial was not televised. In addition, Superior Court Judge Hiroshi Fujisaki banned still photographers and ordered lawyers and witnesses not to discuss the case with the media.）主要原因是，审理此案的刑事法庭法官遭到非议，因为他的默许，法庭成了乱哄哄的媒体的天下。（ Criminal-trial Judge Lance Ito was accused by many observers of allowing his courtroom to become a media circus.）
注释Notes
stab v. 刺, 戳
condominium n. （较大型的）私人住宅
allegedly adv. 依其申诉
fabricate v. 伪造
on route to 在去……的路上
acquit v. 宣布无罪
deliberation n. 协议
liability n. 责任，债务
at stake 在危急关头
punitive adj. 惩罚性的
plaintiff n. 原告
egomaniac n. 自大狂，自私自利的人
brutally adv. 残忍地
rebut v. 驳斥
assassination n. 暗杀
preponderance n. 重量的优势
verdict n. 判决
circus n. 马戏团；（本文中引申指）乱哄哄的局面Passage Four
16. 答案是D. Ku klux klan
解析：A、C都是印第安部落名；B是国名；D才是秘党组织名称3K党。
17. 答案是D. maintaining diplomatic relations
解析：第一段介绍，秘密组织一般和治疗某些疾病联系在一起。例如Hopi, Iroquois, 和塞拉立昂的Mende 。（Sometimes, as among the Hopi, the Iroquois, and the Mende of Sierra Leone, secret societies are associated with the curing of particular ailments.）第二段还介绍说，在一些社会中，秘密组织承担重要的社会责任，例如教育年轻人，规范性行为，监督政治和经济生活，还有承办各种活动，例如治疗病人，提供娱乐和消遣。（secret societies play roles in the education of the young, regulation of sexual conduct, supervision of political and economic affairs, and the operation of various social services, including medical treatment, entertainment, and recreation.）其中没有提到维护外交关系这一项。
18. 答案是A. the Poro
解析：第二段介绍说，Poro组织给男孩子进行培训，让他们受“磨难似的教育，”同时学习到法律，工艺，耕种，敲鼓，歌唱，以及建桥，设套等技能。此外还有一个女孩的组织，她们受到一定的家政训练，并学习有关性的知识。（In the Poro society, boys undergo a long initiation which involves both ordeals and instruction. They learn some things about native law, crafts, agricultural techniques, drumming and singing, bridge building, and the setting of traps. There is a parallel society for girls, who receive training in housework and childcare and are given sex instruction.）
19. 答案是C. the Humoi
解析：第二段介绍说，Mende人在两性关系方面有很多清规戒律， 如果有人违反了这些规矩，就必须向Humoi society交代。（A person must be treated by the society concerned with the taboos he has broken; so those who violate sexual regulations report to the Humoi society.）
20. 答案是C. secret societies that influence the political and economic life
解析：文章最后一段提到了三K党和黑手党，作者举它们的例子是为了说明，一些秘密组织对社会的经济和政治会施加很大的影响。（Secret societies have sometimes played political and economic roles in the Western world as well-witness the Ku Klux Klan and the Mafia.）而不是研究人员对它们的研究还不够。
注释Notes
voluntary adj. 自愿的ailment n. （书面语）疾病
sanction n. （本文）处罚，约束力
supervision n. 监督
recreation n. 娱乐，消遣
initiation n. 开始，启蒙，入会
ordeal n. 严酷的考验，痛苦的经验
sexual intercourse 性关系
transgression n. 违反，犯罪
confession n. 自认，自白，招供
purification n. (purify的名词)纯化，净化 | 
模拟题、参考答案及解析（二）
