(四)在系动词(如is, are等)后填入表语的提问方式和解题技巧，此种类型的提问方式，我们还是必须抓住提问中的关键字词，答案可以在文中直接找到或需稍加推论。请看以下例题：
1995年第1篇全真考研题
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour,and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services:without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much,the price of your television license would need to be doubled,and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
And perhaps most important of all,advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twentyseven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long,for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised,it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it,and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a wellknown television personality declared that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the wellknown television personality wants.
51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that .
A.he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
B.everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming
C.advertising costs money like everything else
D.it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
52.In the passage,which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?
A.Securing greater fame.
B.Providing more jobs.
C.Enhancing living standards.
D.Reducing newspaper cost.
53.The author deems that the wellknown TV personality is .
A.very precise in passing his judgment on advertising
B.interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention
C.correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information
D.obviously partial in his views on advertising
54.In the author’s opinion, .
A.advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information
B.advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
C.there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
D.the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
51.D本题的关键在于明白：as well as在这里不是表示and意思的固定词组，而是as…as中间加well，表示“同……一样好”的意思。那么，第一句话的言下之意，自然是说把钱花在广告上是值得的。另外，从文章的内容也可反过来推断第一句话的意思，因为它是topic sentence。
52.A较简单，考的是与原文的对应，A项原文没有提到，所以是正确答案。
53.D问题是关于作者的态度。文中作者认为这个人太挑剔了，即“He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.”即使不明白该句含义，但 excessively 一词有“过度，过分”之义是知道的，因此可推测作者对这个人观点持负面态度。从选项来看，D项为明显负面态度，确定为正确答案。
54.C这也是关于作者态度的问题。从最后一段来看，作者婉转地表达了他的态度。他假设如果广告只是提供信息而没有劝说的作用，就不会有人看广告了。因此，作者的态度很明确，广告当然有说服消费者的作用，这也体现在他对那位知名人士的批评之中。
译文
花钱做广告是我知道的最好的花钱方式。广告有助于货物以合理价格直接销售，由此建立稳定的国内市场，有可能以竞争价格出口。通过把人们的注意力吸引到新观念上来，它对人民的生活水平有极大的提高。通过促进需求的增加，它确保对劳动力的需求，因此也是抵制失业的有效方法。它降低了许多服务的成本，如果没有广告，日报的价格会上涨四倍，电视收视费会翻一番，乘车或地铁会多花20%以上。
也许最重要的是，广告在你所买的产品和服务中提供了一种合理的价值保证。除了有27个国会法案约束着广告业外，任何广告商都不敢促销与广告内容不相符的产品。他可能通过骗人的广告，暂时愚弄某些人。他这样做的时间不会很长，因为，所幸的是，公众有良好的判断力，他们不会第二次买质量低劣的商品。如果你看到某件商品被连续地进行广告宣传，那么这就是我知道的最确凿的证明，证明该产品名副其实，含有很高的价值。
广告比我能想起的任何其他形式都更能给人们带来物质利益。
还有一点我觉得应该简单地讲讲。最近，我听到一位电视名人声称，他反对广告，因为广告是在说服人而不是提供信息。他作出的区分过于细微。当然，广告就是力求去说服人。
如果广告的内容仅仅局限于信息(这本身，如果不是不可能，将会很难实现，因为即使是挑选衬衫颜色这种细节也带有一点劝诱性)，广告将会非常令人厌倦，以至于没有人会注意。但也许那正是那位电视名人所期望的。
(五)以...because 提问：这种类型的提问方式我们可以在文章中直接找到答案，文中出现的部分也就是提问中的原因，不过文中的词句可能在选择项中被改写或改变句型结构。请看以下例题：
2001年第2篇全真考研题
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the socalled digital divide—the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor.And that divide does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less visible then,however,were the new,positive forces that work against the digital divide.There are reasons to be optimistic.
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all,the more people online,the more potential customers there are.More and more governments,afraid their countries will be left behind,want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two,one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together.As a result,I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.
Of course,the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.
To take advantage of this tool,some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,it didn’t have the capital to do so.And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure—including roads,harbors,highways,ports and so on—were built with foreign investment.The English,the Germans,the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony.They financed them.Immigrant Americans built them.Guess who owns them now? The Americans.I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter.The more foreign capital you have been helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure,which today is an electronic infrastructure,the better off you’re going to be.That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled,or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled.But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.
55.Digital divide is something.
A.getting worse because of the Internet
B.the rich countries are responsible for
C.the world must guard against
D.considered positive today
56.Governments attach importance to the Internet because it.
A.offers economic potentials
B.can bring foreign funds
C.can soon wipe out world poverty
D.connects people all over the world
57.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of.
A.providing financial support overseas
B.preventing foreign capital’s control
C.building industrial infrastructure
D.accepting foreign investment
58.It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on.
A.how welldeveloped it is electronically
B.whether it is prejudiced against immigrants
C.whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern
D.how much control it has over foreign corporations
55.C段落内容综合推断题。第1段中作者写道：“现在人们十分注意所谓数字化划分问题”，接着又写道：“20年前我妻子和我就谈及这种隐约的危险，然而，当时看起来还不太清楚的事是抵制数字化划分的新的积极的因素。我们有理由感到乐观。”综合上述内容，作者认为，数字化划分是人们关注的问题，而且是一种“危险”，并指出有许多“新的积极的因素”来“抵制数字化划分”，而且对此“感到乐观”。可见，数字化划分是“世界必须防范”的事。而A答案“由于英特网而变得日益严重”可参照文章第二段倒数第二、三句“在未来的20年内，世界上将有一二十亿人入英特网。因此，我认为将来信息差异只能缩小，不会扩大”可知A答案与内容相反，B答案文章未提及，D则与内容相反。
56.A本题属以...because这种句型提问。该题问政府重视英特网的原因是什么。本文第三段“当然，使用国际互联网不是战胜贫穷的唯一方法，而且国际互联网也不是我们有的唯一工具；但是它有巨大的潜力”这与A答案“具有经济潜力”相符合，故应选A。B答案与文章内容不符，C答案“不久就能消除世界贫困”，这个“不久”一词与内容不符，而D答案“能把全世界所有人连接在一起”也与内容不符。
57.D该题问作者提到美国发展情况来证明下列哪项政策是正确的。我们可参照文章第四段第三至第五句可以得知D答案“接受外国投资”为正确答案。A答案“向海外提供资金援助”文章中并未提及，B答案“防止外国资本的控制”与内容不符，而C“建设工业基础设施”文章提到该点，但不是作者提及美国的目的，故答案D正确。
58.A该题问现在一个国家的经济似乎依赖什么。我们可以参照文章最后一段倒数第三句“当今是第三次浪潮，即电子基础设施的建设。发展电子设施所拥有的资本越多，将来就越富有”因此A答案“电子方面是否发达”正确，B和C答案文章并未提及，D答案“该国对外国公司控制的力度”与文章内容不符，故答案A正确。
译文
现如今人们正在关注着所谓的信息差异，即世界上信息资源丰富的地区与信息资源贫乏地区之间的差异。今天，这种差异的确存在。我和妻子20年前就当时隐约出现的这种危险也做过讲演。然而，可以防止这种信息差异出现的一些新的积极因素在当时并不如现在这样明显。现在，我们有理由不必为此悲观。
从技术方面看，这种信息差异有希望缩小。因为随着英特网日益商业化、普及，其使用符合商家的利益。毕竟，上网的人数越多，未来的顾客就越多。目前，由于害怕自己的国家会落后，越来越多的政府将扩大英特网的使用范围。在未来的20年内，世界上将有一二十亿人入英特网。因此，我认为将来信息差异只能缩小，不会再扩大。这消息确实不错，因为，英特网完全可以成为战胜目前我们所面临的世界贫困的有力工具。
当然，使用英特网并不是战胜贫困的唯一方法，而且英特网也不是我们拥有的唯一工具，但是，其潜力巨大。
为了利用英特网这一工具，一些贫困国家必须抛弃对外国投资所持有的那种已过时的、反殖民偏见。仍然认为外国投资是对本国主权的一种入侵的那些国家，最好研究一下美国建设基础设施的历史。美国当初建设自己的工业基础设施时没有足够的资本。这就是美国的第二次浪潮，即基础设施的建设，包括公路、港口、交通干线、码头等都用外国投资的原因。英国、德国、荷兰及法国当时都为这一英国前殖民地投了资金。这些国家的投资，美国移民的建设，猜猜看，现在谁拥有这些设施呢?是美国人。我相信在巴西及别的地方，这类情况是相同的。当今是第三次浪潮，即电子基础设施的建设。发展电子设施所拥有的资本越多，将来就越富有。但这并不意味着屈从和任人榨取，也不意味着外国公司可以随意发展。然而这确实表明资本在建设能源及电信基础设施中是至关重要的，而这些基础设施对于充分利用英特网也是必不可少的。
2000年第1篇全真考研题
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreignmade cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machinetool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Selfdoubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quickwitted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a thinktank in Washington, D. C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”
51.The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because .
A. it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
B. its domestic market was eight times larger than before
C. the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
D. the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
52.The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American .
A. TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
B. semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
C. machinetool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
D. auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
53.What can be inferred from the passage?
A. It is human nature to shift between selfdoubt and blind pride.
B. Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
C. The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
D. A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the .
A. turning of the business cycle
B. restructuring of industry
C. improved business management
D. success in education
51. C细节理解题。本题属以...because提问方式，答案见文中第二段倒数第四句。A. 美国为达到这一目标付出了艰苦的努力，文章中没有提到这样的内容。B. 美国国内市场比其战前市场增加了八倍，与文章内容不符。文章说的是美国市场比它的竞争者大八倍。文章第一段的结尾是答对本题的关键：America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.由此可见，美国和美国人的繁荣主要是因为欧洲和亚洲的经济在战争中遭到了严重的破坏。 D. 美国巨大的劳动力资源对推动经济起到了很大作用，文章中没有相关内容。
52. D细节推断题。问题问的是美国经济在20世纪80年代失去了主导地位主要表现在什么方面。有很多考生选择了A，但是美国电视工业撤回了国内市场并不是80年代的事情，根据文章内容，美国的Zenith公司是最近才被韩国的LG收购的。C机器工具工业在经历了自杀性行为之后全面崩溃，文章中并没有提到。America’s machinetool industry was on the ropes.意为“处于令人心惊胆战的状况中。”只有选项D，汽车工业已经失去了国内的一部分市场，是最符合原意的表述：Foreignmade cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.
53. B推理判断题。外国企业大举进入、挤占美国的国内市场，美国经济优势丧失(第二段)。在这种情况下，美国开始反思美国经济衰退的各种原因(第三段)。经过一番反思和对衰退原因的分析论证，美国经济开始复苏并于20世纪90年代初有了稳步的发展(第三段)。由此我们可以推断，美国的经济是在竞争的压力下才得到发展的。故本题应选择B“激烈的竞争促进了经济的发展”。作者在文中的第四段第二、四句中写道：“当1995年美国人回首过去5年经济稳步增长时，几乎没有几个美国人将经济的增长仅仅归因于一些诸如美元贬值或经济发展的周期性等一些显而易见的因素。自我怀疑已经让位于盲目自大。”由此可见，这里说的自我怀疑和盲目自大是美国人的特点，并非人类普遍共有的特点。因此A“在自我怀疑和盲目自大之间左右摇摆是人的本性”不是本题的答案。yield to(=give way to)“给……让步，让路”。作者在文中并未谈及美国通过与其他国家合作，从而促进其经济发展的问题，因而C“经济的复苏取决于国际间的合作”也不是正确的选择。作者在第一段第一句中这样写道：“长期的、未经努力而成功的历史也许会成为一个可怕的羁绊，但如果处理得当，它也许会成为一个动力。”D“长期成功的历史也许能为进一步的发展铺平道路”与这一句的意思不符。
54. A细节理解题。作者在第四段第三句中写道：“几乎没有几个美国人将经济的增长仅仅归因于美元贬值或经济发展的周期性等一些显而易见的因素。”作者似乎认为，美国的经济之所以能够复苏，其中的部分原因是美元贬值或经济具有周期性发展的特点。故本题应选择A“经济的周期性发展”。B“调整产业结构”、C“提高企业管理水平”、D“教育成就”并非作者的观点，而是作者在论证美国人盲目自大的心态时所列举的各种言论。
译文
拥有一段不需努力而成功的历史有可能成为一种可怕的不利条件，但如果处理得恰到好处，也许会成为一种动力。二战结束后，美国恰恰进入了这样一段辉煌的岁月，其市场是任何竞争者的八倍，这为其工业经济提供了前所未有的规模。美国科学家是世界上一流的，其工人也是技术最娴熟的。美国国富民强是那些经济被战争摧毁的欧亚诸国做梦也未想到的。
随着其他国家的日益强盛，(美国)这种世界之首的位置不可避免地将逐渐下降。优势逐渐失去的感觉令人痛苦，也在所难免。到20世纪80年代中期，美国人对日渐衰退的工业竞争能力感到不知所措。面对国外的竞争，一些诸如消费电子产品之类的大工业已经萎缩或渐渐消失。到1987年，只剩下Zenith一家电视制造商。(现在一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。)外国制造的轿车和纺织品正在神气十足地涌入国内市场。美国机床工业处于困境之中。美国发明的对计算机举足轻重的半导体制造业，有段时期也似乎要濒临崩溃。
所有这一切引发了一种信任危机。美国人不再把繁荣看成是理所当然的事。他们开始相信自己缺乏经营之道，他们相信他们的收入不久也会下降。20世纪80年代中期，对美国工业下滑的原因进行了一次又一次的调查。惊人的发现不时地告诫他们，海外的竞争实力越来越强大。
情况变化多快呀!1995年当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候，美国就可以回顾这五年的稳固发展的历程了。几乎没有一个美国人把这一巨变完全归功于美元贬值及商业周期的循环这些显而易见的原因。人们不再自我怀疑，取而代之的是盲目的自大。用哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德•卡佛纳的话说：“美国工业改变了结构，消除了臃肿，学会了明智。”华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的斯蒂芬•莫尔说：“看到我们的企业在提高生产率，作为一个美国人我感到自豪。”哈佛商学院的威廉•萨尔曼认为人们将会把这段时间作为美国企业管理的黄金时代来回顾。
1999年第4篇全真考研题
When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a nearfinal draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. ” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”
63. We can learn from the first paragraph that.
A. federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
B. the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
C. NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
D. the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning
64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.
A. the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law
B. the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control
C. it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning
D. it would be against ethical values to clone a human being
65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because.
A. embryo research is just a current development of cloning
B. the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research
C. an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research
D. the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law
66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.
A. some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
B. a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time.
C. privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal
D. the issue of human cloning will soon be settled
63.B根据第一段一、二句“当苏格兰的一个研究小组透露，三个月前他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统迅速作出反应。他宣称他反对利用这种不同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验”这与B答案“白宫对有关克隆的新闻的反应是强烈的”相符合。故应选B。
64. C细节辨认题。解这类试题的关键在于迅速按段落主题句为所找信息定位，方法是排除法。第二段第一句、第二句中提到NBAC将要求无限制延长克林顿总统发布的禁止联邦拨款用于克隆人研究的90天禁令，并有可能将此立法。但是委员们打算在提案的措辞方面应更为严谨，以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞的研究带来更多的限制。但是对于究竟应否通过提案立法禁止私人资金用于克隆人研究这一关键问题仍未取得一致的看法。第三段第二句：Shapiro表示，专家小组一致地认为，尝试用成人的基因去克隆婴儿是违背伦理道德的。根据以上内容，可以断定，A，B，D所述是委员们的一致看法，而C是他们的分歧所在。故应选C。
65.D本题属“以...because”提问方式，答案可以在文章第四段第二句“由于目前联邦法律已严禁使用联邦基金研究制造胚胎(出生前人类后代的早期阶段)或有意识地危害胚胎生命，NBAC将对胚胎研究保持沉默”这与D答案“该问题在法律条文中已经明文规定”相符合。故应选D。
66. A本题问及根据本文末段，我们可以推断出什么。最后一段，作者指出，NBAC成员在是否进一步要求联邦法律完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在意见分歧。Shapiro和大多数委员赞成对此立法，但在电话采访中透露，这个问题仍“悬而未决”。故可以推断，选项A“NBAC委员对彻底禁止克隆人研究仍迟疑不决”为正确答案。
译文
当苏格兰的一个研究小组透露，三个月前他们克隆了一只成年绵羊时，世界为之震惊，克林顿总统迅速作出反应。他宣称他反对利用这种不同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验——尽管还没有人提出要这样做——他要求成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长Shapiro领导的独立专家小组，在90天内就克隆人研究方面的国家政策问题拿出建议，向白宫汇报。这个专家组名为全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会(NBAC)，它此后一直在积极热情地工作，集思广益，写下建议。在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的建议书达成了一致意见。
NBAC将要求克林顿总统无限期延长有关联邦基金不能用来克隆人的90天禁令，并且将此立法。但NBAC委员们计划在提案的措辞上更为严谨，以避免给克隆人体DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)或细胞等研究带来更多的限制——因为在分子生物研究中，这种研究属于常规研究课题。不过，这个专家组在一个关键性问题上尚未达成一致意见，即：是否建议立法，规定利用私人基金克隆人被视为犯罪行为。
在5月17日开会讨论的建议序言草稿中，Shapiro表示专家们已取得广泛的一致意见，认为“试图用成人细胞核去克隆婴儿是违背伦理道德的。”Shapiro在会议期间解释说，伦理道德上的质疑主要源于害怕对婴儿的健康产生危害。然后，专家们非正式地接受了几种一般的结论，虽然某些细节尚未定论。
NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止使用联邦政府基金利用人体细胞核来克隆婴孩的企图。因为现行联邦政府法律已经禁止使用联邦基金创造供研究用的胚胎(即出生前人类后代的最早阶段)或有意识地危害胚胎的生命，但NBAC的建议将不反对胚胎的研究。
NBAC成员表示：他们呼吁由私人赞助的研究人员和机构不要试图通过人体细胞核迁移来克隆人。但他们在是否进一步要求联邦以法律完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在分歧。Shapiro和大多数委员赞成对此立法，但在电话采访中透露，这个问题仍然“悬而未决”。
1993年第3篇全真考研题
When an invention is made,the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him:he can give the invention to the world by publishing it,keep the idea secret,or patent it.
A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state,by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.
Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.
The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi:his 1939 patent for colour TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated,the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and,if older than half a century,sometimes even repatent.Indeed,patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent.Likewise,because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea,it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print.Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.
Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new” ideas are,in fact,as old as the hills.It is their reduction to commercial practice,either through necessity or dedication,or through the availability of new technology,that makes news and money.The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886.Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century.Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.
41.The passage is mainly about.
A.an approach to patents B.the application for patents
C.the use of patents D.the access to patents
42.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.When a patent becomes out of effect,it can be repatented or extended if necessary.
B.It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention public.
C.A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over.
D.One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office.
43.Georges Valensi’s patent lasted until 1971 because.
A.nobody would offer and reward for his patent prior to that time
B.his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time
C.there were not enough TV stations to provide color programmes
D.the colour TV receiver was not available until that time
44.The word “plagiarize” (Line 4, Para. 5) most probably means “”.
A.steal and use B.give reward to
C.make public D.take and change
45.From the passage we learn that.
A.an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice
B.products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago
C.it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one
D.patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents
41.D这道题目问的是全篇文章的主题，这就需要考生对全篇文章通读一遍，从主题句、支持句等来判断作者所要讨论的主要议题是什么。很显然，尽管作者在文章开头说的是当人们有一项发明时，他们或出版、或保守秘密、或对其申请专利，但是作者在第四段、第五段却道出了本文的主要内容，即怎样利用已经有了的，但不再受专利权保护的思路来进行新的发明创造并且取得专利(或专利权)。因此，本道题目的正确答案是D，access的意思是“捷径，门路”。
42.C这道题目的测试的是细节问题。文章的第二段的后半部分指出，在专利期限到期以后，发明者就要把他发明的全部细节公诸于众，符合这一表达的是选项C，因此C是本题的正确答案。根据文章的第二段、第三段，A所表达的内容是极其特殊的情况下才有可能出现；B的内容不符合文章第一段的内容，即发明者可以把发明公诸于众，保守秘密或是为其申请专利。根据文章的第五段第一句话，人们可以从隶属于专利局的图书馆里查到一项专利的全部细节是在其专利期限结束以后，而不是对正在享受专利保护的发明可以查到全部细节。
43.B本题属“以...because”提问方式。答案可以文中第四段“授给George Valensi(专利)是维持时间最长的：1939年授给他的彩色电视接收机电路的专利一直延续到1971年，因为在专利正常寿命的大部分时间里，没有彩色电视可以收视，因而对其创造无望取得报偿。”这与B答案“他的专利在非常长的时间里无法被利用”相符合。故应选B。
44.A文章的第五段的第二句话指出，专利专家们经常建议，任何想要避免高成本地进行有效期专利开发的有一个行之有效而且不会触犯任何发明者权利的办法就是用已经过了有效期的专利(思想)。在这里plagiarize的意思就steal和use，所以A是本道题目的正确答案。
45.A根据文章的最后一段的第二句，It is their reduction to commercial practice,either through necessity or dedication,or through the availability of new technology,that makes news and money，在此之后作者又举出了三个例子(magnetic recording,television和the Volkswagen rear engine)说明了前面这一句话的有效性，即科学发明只有转换成商业实践，发明者才能从其中受益(获得钱财的回报)。因此，本道题目的正确答案是A。B的内容太绝对，文章最后一段只是说most “new” ideas are,in fact,as old as the hills.C的内容与原文表述不相符，原文是说用旧的过期的专利思想要比用还在有效期内的专利经济得多，D的内容与原文关于patents experts大相径庭。
译文
当有一项发明成功时，发明者可以采取三种有可能的行动：他可以通过出版把成果公布于世，也可以保密，或取得专利。
授予的专利是发明者和国家之间形成的一种契约。根据契约，发明者对自己的发明可获得一定时期的垄断权，垄断期结束后，可以把发明的整个细节公布于众。
只有在极为特殊的情况下，专利期才被延长从而改变这一正常事件的过程。
延长时间最长的专利批准给了乔治•瓦伦西。他1939年的彩电接收机线路的专利一直延续到1971年，因为在当时这项专利期内没有彩电节目可以接收，因此专利无望被采用。
因为一项专利到期后，该专利就永久公开了，因此，专利局所属的图书馆的架子上数百万个专利，如超过半个世纪，任何人都可自由使用，有时甚至可以重新取得专利。实际上，专利专家们常对希望开发有效专利而又避免高额费用的人提出建议，避免侵犯他人专利权的有效方法就是使用过期专利。同样，因为用任何其他方式公布一种观点都会使该观点永久失效，所以传统上，从其他印刷材料上使用专利是安全的。许多现代技术的发展都是基于这些法律安全的考虑。
任何与专利及发明密切相关的人很快会得知，多数新的专利事实上已相当陈旧。只有把握时代的需求，锐意进取，跟上新技术的步伐，专利才能变成商业实践，做到名利双收。用磁录音这一理论的最初专利始于1886年。电视生成原理的许多原创思路都始于19世纪后期和20世纪初。甚至1904年马在车后的马车专利已经预见到了发动机后置的德国“大众”轿车的出现。
(六)以True,Not True或Except提问。这种类型的提问方式，我们可以在文章中直接找到答案，文中出现的部分也就是提问中的原因，不过文中的词句可能在选择项中被改写或改变句型结构。请看以下例题：
2001年第5篇全真考研题
When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although,in the manner of a disgraced government minister,I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.
Curiously,some twoandahalf years and two novels later,my experiment what the Americans term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”,preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine,into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”,and making the alternative move into“downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed:12hour working days,pressured deadlines,the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.
In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler,less materialistic lifestyle is a wellestablished trend.Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity”—has,ironically,even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism.There are a number of bestselling downshifting selfhelp books for people who want to simplify their lives;there are newsletters,such as The Tightwad Gazette,that give hundreds and thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their clingfilm to making their own soap;there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid90’s equivalent of dropping out.
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ‘80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift,in Britain,at least among the middleclass downshifters of my acquaintance,we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ‘80s,downshifting in the mid90’s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables,and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.
67.Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?
A.Fulltime employment is a new international trend.
B.The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.
C.“A lateral move”means stepping out of fulltime employment.
D.The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.
68.The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting.
A.enables her to realize her dream
B.helps her mold a new philosophy of life
C.prompts her to abandon her high social status
D.leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine
69.“Juggling one’s life”probably means living a life characterized by.
A.non-materialistic lifestyle
B.a bit of everything
C.extreme stress
D.anti-consumerism
70.According to the passage,downshifting emerged in the U.S.as a result of.
A.the quick pace of modern life
B.man’s adventurous spirit
C.man’s search for mythical experiences
D.the economic situation
67.B细节归纳题。作者在第一段第二句写道：“平级的工作调动损伤了我的自尊心，并且阻止了我的职务提升，这就促使我放弃了相对来说地位较高的工作”。由此可知，作者是环境所迫而辞职的，故应选B。A答案“专职工作是国际新潮流”与题干不相容，C答案“平级调动”是辞去专职工作的真正原因，与题干是因果关系，故也不对，而D答案“作者只是想用多一点时间陪陪家人”只是表面原因。
68.B该题问“作者的经历表明放慢生活节奏产生的结果是什么”。A答案“使她能够实现她的梦想”不对，因为她只是不得已而为之。B答案“使她形成一种新的人生哲学”，正是作者经历的结果。C答案“促使她放弃高贵的社会地位”是她经历的内容，而不是表明结果。D答案“使她接受《女性》杂志的观念”则与原文矛盾。故选B。
69.C该题问“过忙碌的生活；这种生活方式的特征是什么”。答案A“非物质的生活方式”，B答案“对一切都小心谨慎”，D答案“反消费主义”都与作者后来的“放慢生活节奏”生活方式相关，只有C答案“极度紧张”是：“12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on ‘quality time’”。的总结，也是本题的答案。
70.D该题问“根据文章，‘低速挡’生活方式的原因是什么”，我们通读全文后可知道，A答案“现代生活快节奏”，B答案“人的冒险精神”和C答案“人类寻求神话般的经历”都未在文中明确提出。而D答案“经济形势”，我们可以在倒数第二段可以找到“经济衰退”的起因。故本题答案为D。
译文
当我决定辞去专职工作的时候，我从来没想到我会成为国际新潮流的一分子。一次平级的调动却伤害了我的自尊心，而且阻碍了我业务上的进步，这就促使我放弃我那些相当注重个人形象的职业。然而，我却以一位大势已去的政府部长的姿态，宣称“我想多陪陪家人”。以此掩盖我辞职的真正原因。
令人诧异的是，在大约两年半的时间里，我写出了两部小说，之后，我的这种被美国人称为“低速挡”的尝试已经将我那陈词滥调的借口转化成了绝对的事实。我已经从过去七年里琳达•凯尔西的《女性》杂志再三宣扬的“拥有一切”哲学的积极倡导者，转化成一个对一切浅尝辄止就心满意足的妇女。
我发现，放弃那种“忙碌地应付生活”的信念而选择“低速挡”，将带来比金钱和社会地位更大的回报。凯尔西长期经受巨大压力后，从编辑《女性》杂志的位置退下来之后，恐怕她也将与我有同样的发现。没有任何事情能够规劝我重返那种凯尔西曾经倡导，而我本人也曾钟爱的生活：12小时的工作日，重负不堪的死期限，工作中尔虞我诈，令人提心吊胆的紧张不安，在“最佳时期”为人父母的限制。
在美国，从过忙碌生活转向过一种更简朴、更远离物质的生活方式已是一个不争的趋势。颇具讽刺意义的是，换低速挡，在美国被称为“甘愿简朴”的生活方式居然产生出一个可称为“反消费主义”的新领域。对那些想要过简朴生活的人，有许多畅销的，关于“低速挡”生活方式的自助书；还有像《守财奴报》之类的通讯，给数十万美国人提供包罗万象而且实用的指导，从胶卷的再利用到自己制造肥皂；甚至还有支援小组，帮助那些想在20世纪90年代中期逃避社会现实的人实现理想。
在美国，这一趋势是对经济衰落的反应，它在20世纪80年代晚期企业缩小规模导致大规模裁员之后才与节俭的观点密切相连；而在英国，至少在我认识的这些过换“低速挡”生活的中产阶级当中，寻求简朴的生活却有着不同的原因。
在整个20世纪80年代，我们这一代女性忙碌地应付着生活，在90年代中期过“低速挡”的生活，对我们来说实际上是争取个人极限的自我认可，而不是去追求那种自己种有机肥料灌溉的蔬菜并试图与之合一的神话般的美好生活。
(七)找替换词。这种提问方式往往从文章中挑选一个短语(通常会用Line...paragraph...来提问)，要求考生从备选答案中选出一个与此词句意思相同或相近的词句。这种题型我们可以根据上下文的意思，仔细考虑后再填答案。挑好的答案应放进原文中试试能否说得通，是否合乎逻辑。如果能说通，而又合乎逻辑，所选的就是正确答案。如果说不通，还不合乎逻辑，则答案有误，应重新再选。请看以下例题：
1997年第5篇全真考研题
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy,such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”,makes it sound like a precise science.Nothing could be further from the truth.The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain.And there are long,variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy.Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen,a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
Given all these disadvantages,central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late.Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year,close to its lowest level in 30 years,before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.This is a long way below the doubledigit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
It is also less than most forecasters had predicted.In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995.In fact,it fell to 2.6% in August,and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole.In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year.This is no flash in the pan;over the past couple of years,inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States,since conventional measures suggest that both economies,and especially America’s,have little productive slack.America’s capacity utilization,for example,hit historically high levels earlier this year,and its jobless rate (5.6% in August)has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.
Why has inflation proved so mild?The most thrilling explanation is,unfortunately,a little defective.Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
67.From the passage we learn that.
A.there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates
B.economy will always follow certain models
C.the economic situation is better than expected
D.economists had foreseen the present economic situation
68.According to the passage,which of the following is TRUE?
A.Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.
B.An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.
C.A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.
D.Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.
69.The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 4,Paragraph 3) means that.
A.the low inflation rate will last for some time
B.the inflation rate will soon rise
C.the inflation will disappear quickly
D.there is no inflation at present
70.The passage shows that the author is the present situation.
A.critical of B.puzzled by
C.disappointed at D.amazed at
67.C总结归纳题。从第三、四段中我们可以看到，美国目前的经济形势令人乐观，比经济学家预计的好得多。因此，C是最佳答案。B之所以错是因为文章最后一句指出，有些经济学家论证说，世界有力的经济结构改革已经大大改变了旧有的经济模式，即以增长和通货膨胀之间的历史联系为基础的模式。而B则认为，经济将总是遵循一定的模式，故与文章内容相悖，因此不能入选。
68.B细节辨认题。第四段第二句中提到，美国生产能力的综合利用率今年早些时候达到历史上的高水平，而失业率则已降到自然失业率的大多数估计数字之下，即低于这种失业率在过去已产生通货膨胀。因此，B符合此意。A之所以错是因为其中少了with a blackened windscreen(涂黑的挡风玻璃)。
69.A本题属“寻找替换词”提问方式。本题中的“flash in the pan”意为“昙花一现”。在flash前加no后就变成“这绝不是昙花一现”。这与A答案“低通货膨胀将维持一段时间”相符合，故应选A。“This is no flash in the pan”即这不会转瞬即逝，而要持续一段时间。
70.D总结归纳题。纵观全文，作者认为目前的低通胀率令人出乎预料，特别是第四段第一句指出，经济学家对英、美两国的极为有利的低通胀率感到尤为惊讶。由此可见，D符合此意。而B“感到困惑”与全文内容意思相悖，故不能入选。
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阅读理解历届考研真题评析（二）
